Parable of the Sower
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When Jesus began to announce the arrival of the kingdom of God, He spoke amid high expectations. His hearers’ ancestors had been taken into exile and captivity because they had broken covenant with God. The prophets had made the case for God’s just punishment of their idolatry and injustice. But the prophets’ message was not exclusively woe, for they also had promised a day of restoration when God would set up His visible earthly reign through His anointed one (Messiah). Two things would happen: Israel’s oppressors would be defeated and pure worship would be reestablished. The portraits of restoration painted by the prophets used the image of seed being sown, the metaphors that Jesus employed in this parable (see Isa. 55:10–13; Jer. 31:27–28; Ezek. 36:8–15).
Yet the return from exile under Ezra and Nehemiah had come short of expectations. Ezra’s rebuilt temple paled in comparison to Solomon’s original (Ezra 3:12–13). Nehemiah’s rebuilt wall around Jerusalem couldn’t ensure the holiness of God’s people (Neh. 13). Various occupiers continued to rule over Israel in spite of occasional rebellions that brought varied success (for example, the Maccabees).
Some had moved to the wilderness where they could pursue holy living (Essenes). Some accommodated to Roman occupation (Sadducees). Some retreated into an individualistic yet stunted piety (Pharisees). Others harbored sometimes not-so-secret hopes of a successful revolution (Zealots). There were even some who located themselves under the illegitimate yet Rome-endorsed kingship of Herod (Herodians) who falsely bore the title “King of the Jews.” Thus, even though Jews from all twelve tribes were now living in Israel, it came nowhere close to the prophetic vision of the kingdom of God.
This is the stage onto which Jesus stepped when He stood in the synagogue and read from the Isaiah scroll (Luke 4:18–19) and announced that the true Jubilee had now arrived in Him. This is how Jesus commenced His public ministry of proclaiming the good news that the kingdom of God had arrived (Luke 8:1). The time of release and restoration had come.
But rather than meeting with universal acceptance, Jesus encountered a host of reactions. Many opposed Him. The crowds were at times motivated more by novelty and curiosity (Luke 7:24). On the other hand, some of the most unlikely — and unseemly — were responding with joy and embracing Jesus and His announcement tenaciously. Throughout Luke’s gospel this mixed response would continue. A centurion, a widow from Nain, a promiscuous woman, a demoniac, a woman with lifelong uncleanness, a Samaritan leper, a blind beggar, a chief tax collector, and an impoverished widow were typical of those who were forcing their way into the kingdom in response to hearing the good news (Luke 16:16).
These were the ones who proved to be fertile soil for the word of the kingdom, not the ones who chose the places of honor (14:7) or the privileged who saw Jesus as one of many important priorities to be managed (14:15–24). This is Luke’s great theme of reversal, beginning in the birth narratives of Jesus and continuing through the very end of Luke’s gospel account. In His final parable, Jesus forced the confrontation with His opponents by declaring that God would give the kingdom to those who would produce a harvest for God and honor His son (20:9–18).
He was more than simply the messenger announcing the arrival of God’s reign. He was the one who brought the kingdom. In fact, Jesus embodied the kingdom because He was the king, not only of Israel but the royal Son of God who would rule the nations (Ps. 2). As such, He represented threat and overthrow to some just as much as He meant salvation and blessing to others. What was decisive throughout Luke’s gospel is how people responded to the person of Jesus.
Therefore, this parable and its explanation to His inner circle would be understood as an accounting for the surprising range of responses. Even more than an explanation, it would be preparation — preparation for the hard road that lay ahead for those who would remain true to Jesus. These would be the ones who would serve the ultimate purpose of God’s great act of sowing in His Son — to produce a great harvest.
Herein lies the hope. Jesus’ followers gathered around Him were a representative sample of those who had received the good news “in an honest and good heart” (Luke 8:15). They had been given “ears to hear” (v. 8). The seed of God’s Word had accomplished what God intended (Isa. 55:11). In Jesus’ word of proclamation — announcing the good news of the kingdom of God — we see vividly the point that God’s Word is His deed. It isn’t simply that God says what He will do but that His very act of speaking is the means by which He does it. When we hear God speak to us, it is proof that we are alive. Not only do “dead men tell no tales” but they hear no tales as well. “You have been born again, not of perishable seed but of imperishable, through the living and abiding word of God,” Peter wrote in 1 Peter 1:23.
This is why the Westminster Confession describes the Word of God, and particularly the preaching of the Word, as a means of grace (Westminster Shorter Catechism, questions 88 and 89). That Word is powerful in itself by the Spirit of God (Heb. 4:12).
Conversely, the description of the good soil preserves our hope when we see others reject the good news or fall away after initially receiving it. Those early Christians to whom Luke wrote may have been deeply troubled by seeing how many had once followed Jesus but then turned back for one reason or another. Yet Jesus in this parable led them and us to expect this at times and provided a God’s-eye view of the difference found in the good soil — “they are those who, hearing the word, hold it fast in an honest and good heart” (Luke 8:15). We are not to be surprised, nor is our faith to be shaken, when the most genuine-seeming Christian falls away.
The hope is palpable in this parable. Yet there is also a word of exhortation, a word of warning. The good soil will hold fast to God’s Word and “bear fruit with patience” (v. 15). The word for patiencehere does not mean passive waiting. It is a word that connotes steadfastness and endurance, holding firm even in the face of trial. It is a word used several times by Paul in Romans (2:7; 5:3–4; 8:25; 15:4–5). It can reflect episodes of overt persecution (2 Thess. 1:4) or simply the normal struggle of enduring life in a fallen world (Rom. 8:25). The point in the parable is that only those who endure with steadfastness have a share in the kingdom that Jesus announced.
How can salvation be a gift of God’s grace and yet there be some condition put on it? This is an enormous subject and relates to the very heart of the gospel. For our purposes here let us merely note what is plain. There are those who give the appearance of true faith who do not possess it. Those who do possess true faith cling to the object of their faith. To appeal to our opening analogy, the “proof is in the corn.” We know the difference when we see the fruit.
This is one of the chief pastoral concerns of the letter to the Hebrews, though it is clear in the Gospels and Paul as well. Saving faith is persevering faith. It is not the merit of perseverance that brings us into the kingdom of God, but it is only persevering faith that is the kind of faith called for by God.
Many have been greatly misled on this point. Evangelical Christianity is populated with multitudes who through one nominal act or another believe they settled their business with God. But Jesus doesn’t offer false comfort in this parable. The good soil perseveres and is fertile. It is fertile because, by God’s grace, it has laid hold of Jesus. The warning then leads back to hope, because seeing the fruit of the gospel in our own lives testifies to us of the power of God at work within us. “As the branch cannot bear fruit by itself, unless it abides in the vine, neither can you, unless you abide in me” (John 15:4). Fruit is the distinguishing mark of the good soil. “By your endurance you will gain your lives” (Luke 21:19). Hold fast to Jesus Christ, put confidence in nothing else, and you will be fruitful.
